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April 3, 2008
Max Weber and the Spirit of Capitalism
I’ve come across the work of the sociologist, Max Weber, a couple of times recently.
Firstly, in their book, Why Should Anyone be Led by You?, Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones talk about the implications of Weber's thinking for Leadership in business. I hope to write a piece on this book in the near future.
However, the catalyst for this post is this thought provoking piece, by Lorin Loverde. Loverde discusses Weber’s book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. I am fascinated by Loverde’s analysis which is that the development of capitalism only became possible with the widespread influence of the ‘Protestant Ethic’.
According to Loverde, there is a vast contradiction inherent in capitalism — we seek to gain wealth but when we do we are immediately tempted to spend it on ourselves. So previous societies over millennia created great edifices to themselves or lived in debauchery, but there was nothing left to invest in future investment for wealth creation. So the civilisation collapsed only to start the process over again.
But then came the Reformation and the Protestant Age. The capitalist contradiction was held by a ‘transcendent purpose.’ Our wordly life was but a preparation for a future life. In this life our purpose was to serve God and deny ourselves. Loverde puts it this way:
“...we demonstrated on earth by our economic success that we were predestined to go to heaven after death; thus, our success was a sign of goodness, but we still had to avoid being extremely selfish with extravagant spending and conspicuous consumption to typical of non-Protestant cultures.”
Having a "Reformed Baptist” background myself, I would contest Loverde’s theological interpretation but the end result is the same. The Protestant ethic was one of self discipline (as opposed to the self-denial of the pre-reformation Christian Church.) This involved enjoyment but avoidance of the wordly pleasures or ‘sins of the flesh’. In Wesley's Methodism, this developed into avoiding anything that was thought to be worldly — including dancing, drinking alcohol, anything that had a sexual association, the theatre and even reading ‘wordly’ (ie non-religious) books.
Most “Protestant” christians today would regard this methodism as extreme but would still aspire to some notion of avoiding ‘wordliness’ – that is that their ultimate purpose in this life is in preparation for the next.
The point Loverde is making is that this live view — that of having a transcendent purpose — made, and to some extent continues to make, capitalism possible. Without it, previous generations would have spent all the wealth they created and we would not now be enjoying the benefits of the ‘great industrial west.’ There would be no infrastructure, no large industrialised capacity.
The problem now is we have capitalism but have lost the Protestant Ethic.
It reminds of the RAF's Bomber Command during World War II. It was formed during the darkest days of the Battle of Britain in an attempt to strike at the German war machine at its source. From it’s origins as a cobbled together unit with hopelessly inadequate and out of date machinery, it became itself an efficient and ruthless machine that could ‘take out’ any city in Germany on any night it chose. And, in the end, it did for no other reason than because it could. It had been set up in the dire need to defend Great Britain but when the hour of desperation had passed it continued to bomb cities because that’s what it did – with devastating impact and little military gain as we say in Dresden.
Perhaps that’s the point we have reached in capitalism. We make wealth because we can. We’ve forgotten why. We just do it. For ourselves we could say this is no problem, except that our continuing to make wealth threatens our very ability to make wealth.
We have become so efficient at extracting and using the Earth’s resources that we can, for the first time in our history, envision the day when we have used all there is to use. Again our efficiency at using resources has created daunting problems of waste and impact on the world’s environment. It has gone well past the stage where the West can live without regard to the pollution we create in the Third World. The world is now just too small.
Finally, continuing to create and concentrate wealth while at the same time making communications technology easily available to almost every square millimetre of our planet, we have allowed the world’s poorest peoples to know about our affluence and, many would say, decadence. There can be little doubt that this is a major driving force towards global terrorism. This has perhaps always been the case, as long as there has been a divide between rich and poor. What is driving, and makes so threatening, the extremism in the terrorism of the “fundamentalists” is the juxtaposition of this divide with what they see as the purposelessness of the West.
Loverde’s response is to propose the need for a transcendent purpose.
For better or worse we have left behind the Protestant Ethic and now, like Bomber Harris, we build bigger businesses because we can. We have forgotten why. The catch cry is that business exists to make a profit. If we believe this, we are sounding the death knell of capitalism as we know it for there will be nothing left to invest. That is if the earth’s resources don’t run out first or fundamentalist extremist terrorism doesn’t make it impossible to continue to operate business on a global scale.
So what might a viable transcendent purpose be? How about you tell me?
Posted by chriscurnow at 7:43 PM | Comments (0)
April 2, 2008
Lost Opportunities
My Dad was a fitter and turner, toolmaker and maintenance fitter. He was exceptionally good at his trade. Dad could make anything involving metal and would prefer to make it rather than buy it.
As I was growing up and developing an interest in science and electronics, Dad seemed to be able to answer any question I put to him. He knew how a radio worked and helped me build my first crystal set. When I got to high school and started learning algebra, calculus and trigonometry he seemed to be able to explain every question I had at least as well as my teachers. Dad often had his own particular way of explaining a topic that made it come alive in my mind. I didn’t think about this much until later in my adult years. This seemed to me just what a Dad should be able to do. But as I became a science and maths teacher myself, I started to realise he would be what we would now classify as a gifted student. We would regard him as having the potential to go a long way. Had he been born in the fifties like I was, he would almost certainly have gone to university and had the opportunity to do post graduate studies.
Dad was also a gifted and advanced pianist. As we were growing up we realised that not everyone’s dad played the piano and certainly not everyone’s dad played what we later learned was called classical music. But although we loved his music and loved hearing him play pretty well every night we didn’t realise until late in our teens how advanced he was. He played Chopin, Paganini, Liszt and many other composers' works from memory. Even then it was only well into my adult years that I started to realise how amazing it was that a fitter and turner son of a blacksmith from Kalgoorlie was such an advanced musician. He was certainly talented enough that had the opportunity arisen, he could have made a career from his music.
Yet Dad never had the opportunity to go to university or had the opportunity to make a career from his music. My dad was a teenager (although the term wasn’t used then) during the depression and had to leave school to go to work as soon as work was available. He worked as a Diesel Mechanic in the Kalgoorlie mines and the power station there. Each week he would bring his pay packet home and give it to my grandmother who would then give him whatever she thought was a reasonable allowance to live on. He wasn’t destitute. Dad was able to buy a number of old motorbikes and eventually a brand new Francis Barnett in the late 30s. He even bought a piano as far as I know with my grandmother’s blessing. Who knows, if things had continued as they were he may have had the opportunity to advance his education and eventually make it to university or have opportunity to play music as a career.
But this was not to be. The war came and Dad joined the RAAF as a Fitter. Even there he excelled. I recently applied for and received his air force records. The results of his examinations for his group of trainees is included. The names are listed in order of merit and at the top of the list, alone in the category “Pass with Special Distinction” is dad’s name. While he was training in Melbourne, my auntie contributed to the war effort by inviting some of these young men home to replace some of family comforts they were missing. I still have a photo from those days of my dad in his RAAF dark blue uniform sitting at the piano at my auntie’s house. That’s how he met my mum (my auntie’s sister). The were married on December 6th 1941. Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7th 1941. All leave was cancelled and within days of becoming a married man, he found himself at the receiving end of Japanese bombs in the Northern Territory. Although mum and dad were able to correspond, all mum was allowed to know was that he was somewhere in Australia and was left to guess that he was in the Northern Territory.
Just a few months later she received a telegram from the Air Force:
REGRET TO INFORM YOU THAT YOUR HUSBAND, AIRCRAFTSMAN CLASS I STANFORD HARVEY CURNOW, IS REPORTED TO BE SERIOUSLY ILL AND HAS BEEN ADMITTED TO A MILITARY HOSPITAL AT BATCHELOR SUFFERING FROM A PROBABLE FRACTURE OF BASE OF SKULL AS THE RESULT OF ACCIDENTALLY FALLING FROM MOVING TRANSPORT ON 18TH JUNE 1942 STOP
YOUR HUSBAND’S CONDITION IS CONSIDERED TO BE SERIOUS STOP
ANY FURTHER INFORMATION RECEIVED WILL BE IMMEDIATELY CONVEYED TO YOU STOP
SIGNED ETC
Thanks to the surgeons at an American Military Hospital, Dad did recover although he was left with permanent paralysis of one side of his face and for a long time was very embarrassed about this. I don’t know all the details of his recovery but he was not discharged until 1944 without taking any further active part in the war. (One of his brothers was killed in the Battle for Singapore and the other spent 11 days drifting in a dinghy in the Mediterranean after being shot down.)
On medical grounds, Dad was advised not to return to Kalgoorlie where work was being offered to him and was forced to compete in a much tougher employment market in Melbourne. Eventually he was able to get a position as an apprentice fitter and turner as part of a scheme to retrain returned servicemen. He remained with the same employer for the next forty years. However, despite his proven intellect and ability Dad remained a blue collar worker all his working life. One of the high points of those early days was the young husband and wife, with my then infant eldest brother being able to move into a War Service home in Highett which remained the family home for the rest of Dad’s life and until Mum was no longer able to live by herself.
Interspersed with periods of great happiness, perhaps the greatest of them the birth of their four children, Dad experienced periods of deep melancholy. It wasn’t easy feeding, clothing and schooling four children on a fitter and turner’s wage even though he worked long hours of overtime when it was available and took on a second job as a waiter at a golf club on weekends.
Things probably got to their lowest point at the death of my brother after a long and difficult illness, but then things started to look up as Dad neared retirement age. After years of working amongst heavy machinery he had suffered significant hearing loss and was successful in receiving a small but useful compensation payout. Then again, after years of hearings, letters and appointments with government bodies (mainly the Repatration Department) he was finally awarded a compensation payment and pension for his war injuries. Although the compensation payment did not cover the pension he would have received if the government had originally admitted liability for his injuries, it was enough to allow Mum and Dad to live comfortably for their twenty years of retirement.
I wrote this piece for another purpose. But as I was writing it, it made me think again about the concept of "potential." Given my Dad's ability and talent, many would say he had the potential to acheive much more than he did.
When I think about that, my first reaction is to wonder who has the right to judge the worth of one life's achievements and whether something "better" could have been achieved.
Leaving that aside though, did my Dad have that potential, or when you think about potential do you have to take circumstances into account? I guess we can never really now.
What we can now is how we respond to what we believe is our own potential. What do we do with the gifts we have? This is not about beating ourselves up and telling ourselves we should be doing more than we are. It is about taking an honest assessment of ourselves and asking ourselves what do we really want to do and what can we do about that.
I leave this with you.
Posted by chriscurnow at 7:42 PM | Comments (0)
April 1, 2008
Starting Over
For the last twelve months at least The Spiral Path has gone the way of many blogs.
I started out enthusiastically, but then other things overtook me. For one thing I noticed I was spending a lot of time blogging and not enough time earning money.
Well I am going to have another go at starting this blog.
I do love writing here – even if no-one reads it. But I know for sure you won't read it unless I write it.
So let's see how we go.
Posted by chriscurnow at 7:39 PM | Comments (0)